Metaphors are powerful tools that enrich our language, allowing us to express abstract concepts and emotions in vivid and relatable ways. When used to describe ‘good,’ metaphors can elevate simple praise to profound appreciation, imbuing our words with deeper meaning and emotional resonance.
Understanding how to effectively use metaphors for good not only enhances your writing and speaking skills but also cultivates a more nuanced and empathetic understanding of the world around you. This guide is designed for students, writers, and anyone interested in mastering the art of metaphorical expression to convey positivity and virtue.
This comprehensive guide breaks down the art of using metaphors for good, providing definitions, structural analyses, categories, examples, usage rules, common mistakes, and practice exercises. By exploring this linguistic landscape, you’ll gain the skills to craft compelling and inspiring messages that resonate with your audience.
Table of Contents
- Definition of Metaphors for Good
- Structural Breakdown of Metaphors
- Types and Categories of Metaphors for Good
- Examples of Metaphors for Good
- Usage Rules for Metaphors
- Common Mistakes with Metaphors
- Practice Exercises
- Advanced Topics in Metaphorical Usage
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Conclusion
Definition of Metaphors for Good
A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly compares two unlike things without using “like” or “as.” It asserts that one thing is another, creating a vivid image or understanding. In the context of “good,” metaphors serve to elevate and emphasize positive qualities, virtues, and beneficial outcomes. They transform abstract notions into concrete, relatable concepts, making them more impactful and memorable. Metaphors for good are crucial in persuasive writing, inspirational speaking, and everyday communication where expressing positive sentiment is key.
The function of a metaphor for good is multifaceted. It can amplify praise, provide deeper insight into positive attributes, and inspire action by connecting abstract virtues to tangible experiences.
For example, instead of simply saying “He is kind,” you might say “He is a beacon of compassion,” which evokes a much stronger image of his kindness. This transformation of abstract qualities into concrete images is the essence of a good metaphor.
Metaphors for good can be found in various contexts, from literature and poetry to everyday conversations and business communications. They are often used in motivational speeches to inspire audiences, in marketing to create positive associations with products, and in personal relationships to express appreciation and affection.
The effective use of metaphors for good can significantly enhance the emotional impact and persuasive power of your communication.
Classification of Metaphors
Metaphors can be classified based on their structure and function. Here are some common classifications:
- Standard Metaphors: Direct comparisons where the qualities of one thing are attributed to another (e.g., “She is a shining star”).
- Implied Metaphors: Indirect comparisons where the subject is implied rather than explicitly stated (e.g., “He brayed his refusal,” implying he is like a donkey).
- Extended Metaphors: Metaphors that are sustained over several lines or paragraphs, developing the comparison in greater detail (e.g., a long poem describing life as a journey).
- Mixed Metaphors: Inconsistent or illogical combinations of metaphors (often unintentionally humorous or confusing). These should generally be avoided.
Function in Language
Metaphors for good serve several crucial functions in language:
- Enhancing Understanding: They make abstract concepts more concrete and understandable.
- Adding Emotional Impact: They evoke stronger emotional responses than literal language.
- Persuasion: They can be used to persuade and influence opinions.
- Creativity: They add creativity and originality to writing and speaking.
- Memorability: They make ideas more memorable through vivid imagery.
Contexts of Use
Metaphors for good are appropriate in various contexts:
- Literature and Poetry: To create vivid imagery and emotional depth.
- Speeches and Presentations: To inspire and motivate audiences.
- Marketing and Advertising: To create positive associations with products or brands.
- Personal Communication: To express appreciation and affection.
- Journalism: To add color and depth to reporting (though use should be cautious and avoid bias).
Structural Breakdown of Metaphors
Understanding the structure of a metaphor is crucial for crafting effective and meaningful comparisons. A metaphor essentially consists of two elements: the tenor and the vehicle. The tenor is the subject being described, and the vehicle is the object or concept used to describe the tenor. The effectiveness of a metaphor lies in the relationship between these two elements.
For example, in the metaphor “He is a rock,” “he” is the tenor, and “a rock” is the vehicle. The metaphor suggests that he is strong, stable, and unwavering, drawing on the qualities associated with a rock.
The relationship between the tenor and the vehicle is not arbitrary. It is based on shared qualities or characteristics.
The vehicle should possess qualities that are relevant and insightful when applied to the tenor. A poorly chosen vehicle can result in a confusing or ineffective metaphor.
Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the selection of the vehicle to ensure it effectively conveys the intended meaning and evokes the desired emotional response.
Tenor and Vehicle
The tenor is the subject being described or characterized. It is the underlying concept or idea that the metaphor aims to illuminate. The vehicle is the image, object, or idea used to represent the tenor. It is the means by which the metaphor conveys its meaning.
In the metaphor “Kindness is a ray of sunshine,” the tenor is “kindness,” and the vehicle is “a ray of sunshine.” The metaphor uses the qualities of sunshine (warmth, brightness, positivity) to describe and enhance the understanding of kindness.
The Ground of a Metaphor
The ground of a metaphor refers to the shared characteristics or qualities between the tenor and the vehicle. It is the basis upon which the comparison is made. Identifying the ground is essential for understanding and interpreting the metaphor effectively.
In the example “Her heart is a garden,” the ground might include qualities such as nurturing, beauty, growth, and care. The metaphor suggests that her heart is a place where love and compassion can flourish, just as plants flourish in a garden.
Common Patterns and Rules
While metaphors are inherently creative, there are some common patterns and rules to consider:
- Clarity: The metaphor should be clear and understandable. Avoid overly obscure or complex comparisons.
- Relevance: The vehicle should be relevant to the tenor and share meaningful qualities.
- Consistency: Maintain consistency throughout an extended metaphor to avoid confusion.
- Originality: Strive for originality to create a more impactful and memorable metaphor.
- Avoid Clichés: Avoid overused metaphors that have lost their impact (e.g., “He is as brave as a lion”).
Types and Categories of Metaphors for Good
Metaphors for good can be categorized based on the specific qualities they emphasize. These categories help to organize and understand the different ways in which metaphors can be used to express positive attributes and virtues.
Virtue Metaphors
These metaphors focus on describing virtues such as kindness, courage, honesty, and integrity. They often use imagery that embodies these qualities.
Examples:
- “His honesty is a compass, always pointing true north.”
- “Her courage is a flame, burning brightly in the face of adversity.”
- “Their integrity is the bedrock of their success.”
Positive Attribute Metaphors
These metaphors describe positive characteristics such as intelligence, beauty, strength, and resilience. They highlight the admirable qualities of a person or thing.
Examples:
- “Her mind is a wellspring of knowledge.”
- “His strength is an oak, unyielding to the storm.”
- “Her resilience is a phoenix, rising from the ashes.”
Beneficial Outcome Metaphors
These metaphors describe the positive results or effects of actions or events. They emphasize the beneficial consequences and outcomes.
Examples:
- “Their efforts were a harvest of success.”
- “His guidance was a lifeline in a sea of confusion.”
- “Her support was a bridge to a better future.”
Inspirational Metaphors
These metaphors are designed to motivate and uplift. They often use imagery that evokes hope, aspiration, and encouragement.
Examples:
- “Hope is the North Star, guiding us through the darkness.”
- “Dreams are the seeds of reality, waiting to blossom.”
- “Challenges are stepping stones to success.”
Examples of Metaphors for Good
The following tables provide extensive examples of metaphors for good, categorized by the specific positive qualities they emphasize. These examples illustrate the diverse ways in which metaphors can be used to express appreciation, admiration, and inspiration.
This first table showcases metaphors that emphasize positive personal qualities. These metaphors can be used to describe someone’s character, skills, or overall demeanor.
| Metaphor | Explanation |
|---|---|
| “He is a pillar of strength.” | He provides unwavering support and stability. |
| “She is a ray of sunshine.” | She brings joy and positivity to those around her. |
| “His words are a balm to the soul.” | His words offer comfort and healing. |
| “She is a beacon of hope.” | She inspires hope and optimism in others. |
| “He is an anchor in the storm.” | He provides stability and security during difficult times. |
| “She is a guiding star.” | She provides direction and inspiration. |
| “He is a fountain of wisdom.” | He possesses a deep understanding and knowledge. |
| “She is a wellspring of creativity.” | She is a constant source of innovative ideas. |
| “He is a shield against negativity.” | He protects others from harmful influences. |
| “She is a bridge between cultures.” | She facilitates understanding and connection between different groups. |
| “He is a compass pointing towards success.” | He guides others towards achieving their goals. |
| “She is a garden of compassion.” | She is full of kindness, empathy, and caring actions. |
| “He is the glue holding the team together.” | He fosters cohesion and unity among team members. |
| “She is a lighthouse in the fog.” | She provides clear guidance and direction when things are uncertain. |
| “He is a symphony of talents.” | He possesses many different talents that work together harmoniously. |
| “She is a force for good.” | She consistently uses her abilities to positively influence the world around her. |
| “He is a rising tide that lifts all boats.” | His success benefits everyone involved. |
| “She is a weaver of dreams.” | She has the ability to make dreams a reality. |
| “He is a knight in shining armor.” | He comes to the rescue of others in need. |
| “She is the heart of the community.” | She is essential to the community and its well-being. |
| “He is the wind beneath her wings.” | He provides support that allows her to succeed. |
| “She is a treasure trove of knowledge.” | She has a vast amount of knowledge and experience. |
| “He is a map to success.” | He can show others the way to achieve their goals. |
| “She is a song of inspiration.” | She inspires others through her actions and words. |
| “He is a breath of fresh air.” | He brings new ideas and positive changes to a situation. |
The next table focuses on metaphors that describe the impact of positive actions. These metaphors are useful for highlighting the benefits and outcomes of good deeds or initiatives.
| Metaphor | Explanation |
|---|---|
| “Their generosity was a flood of support.” | Their generosity provided abundant assistance. |
| “His leadership was a catalyst for change.” | His leadership initiated significant and positive transformations. |
| “Her kindness is a ripple effect.” | Her kindness creates a chain reaction of positive actions. |
| “Their efforts were a harvest of success.” | Their hard work yielded abundant and positive results. |
| “His guidance was a lifeline in a sea of confusion.” | His guidance provided essential support and clarity. |
| “Her support was a bridge to a better future.” | Her support facilitated progress and advancement. |
| “Their innovation was a spark of genius.” | Their innovation ignited creativity and progress. |
| “His compassion is a healing touch.” | His compassion provides comfort and restoration. |
| “Her dedication is a driving force.” | Her dedication propels progress and achievement. |
| “Their collaboration was a symphony of teamwork.” | Their collaboration resulted in harmonious and effective teamwork. |
| “His vision is a blueprint for success.” | His vision provides a clear plan for achieving goals. |
| “Her encouragement is a gentle rain nurturing growth.” | Her encouragement fosters development and progress. |
| “Their commitment is a steadfast flame.” | Their commitment is unwavering and enduring. |
| “His mentorship is a guiding hand.” | His mentorship provides support and direction. |
| “Her advocacy is a powerful voice.” | Her advocacy effectively champions important causes. |
| “Their investment is a seed of prosperity.” | Their investment is likely to yield future success and abundance. |
| “His education is a passport to opportunity.” | His education opens doors to various opportunities. |
| “Her creativity is a kaleidoscope of ideas.” | Her creativity generates a diverse and vibrant array of ideas. |
| “Their resilience is a phoenix rising from the ashes.” | Their resilience enables them to recover and thrive after setbacks. |
| “His leadership is a rudder guiding the ship.” | His leadership provides direction and control. |
| “Her inspiration is a muse for many.” | Her inspiration motivates and encourages others. |
| “Their unity is an unbreakable chain.” | Their unity is strong and resilient. |
| “His wisdom is a treasure to be shared.” | His wisdom is valuable and beneficial to impart to others. |
| “Her smile is a contagious joy.” | Her smile spreads happiness and positivity. |
| “Their teamwork is a well-oiled machine.” | Their teamwork is efficient and harmonious. |
This third table showcases metaphors that focus on describing virtues and moral qualities. These metaphors are often used in ethical contexts to highlight the importance of integrity, honesty, and compassion.
| Metaphor | Explanation |
|---|---|
| “His honesty is a compass, always pointing true north.” | His honesty provides constant and reliable guidance. |
| “Her courage is a flame, burning brightly in the face of adversity.” | Her courage remains strong and unwavering despite challenges. |
| “Their integrity is the bedrock of their success.” | Their integrity is the fundamental foundation of their achievements. |
| “His compassion is a bridge connecting hearts.” | His compassion fosters empathy and understanding between people. |
| “Her fairness is a level playing field.” | Her fairness ensures equal opportunities for everyone. |
| “Their justice is a sword against wrongdoing.” | Their justice effectively combats injustice and protects the vulnerable. |
| “His empathy is a window into another’s soul.” | His empathy allows him to deeply understand and connect with others. |
| “Her kindness is a warm embrace.” | Her kindness provides comfort and affection. |
| “Their generosity is a river flowing with abundance.” | Their generosity provides a plentiful and continuous supply of support. |
| “His forgiveness is a cleansing rain.” | His forgiveness washes away resentment and heals wounds. |
| “Her patience is a steady hand guiding the way.” | Her patience provides consistent and reliable direction. |
| “Their humility is a quiet strength.” | Their humility is an understated yet powerful quality. |
| “His wisdom is a light illuminating the path.” | His wisdom provides clarity and guidance. |
| “Her truthfulness is a mirror reflecting reality.” | Her truthfulness provides an accurate and honest perspective. |
| “Their loyalty is an unbreakable bond.” | Their loyalty is strong and enduring. |
| “His diligence is a tireless engine.” | His diligence is constant and productive. |
| “Her perseverance is a mountain climber scaling heights.” | Her perseverance enables her to overcome obstacles and achieve goals. |
| “Their respect is a foundation for understanding.” | Their respect creates a basis for mutual comprehension and acceptance. |
| “His selflessness is a gift freely given.” | His selflessness is a generous and unconditional offering. |
| “Her gratitude is a song of appreciation.” | Her gratitude expresses sincere thankfulness. |
| “Their compassion is a healing balm.” | Their compassion provides comfort and restoration. |
| “His valor is a lion’s roar in the face of fear.” | His valor shows great courage and boldness despite fear. |
| “Her tact is a gentle hand guiding conversations.” | Her tact allows her to navigate conversations smoothly and respectfully. |
| “Their prudence is a careful step in a dangerous path.” | Their prudence is cautious and wise decision-making in risky situations. |
| “His temperance is a steady ship in a stormy sea.” | His temperance shows self-control and balance amidst turmoil. |
Usage Rules for Metaphors
Using metaphors effectively requires adherence to certain rules to ensure clarity, relevance, and impact. These rules help to avoid confusion and create meaningful comparisons.
Clarity and Understandability
The metaphor should be clear and easily understood by the audience. Avoid overly complex or obscure comparisons that may confuse the reader.
The connection between the tenor and the vehicle should be readily apparent.
Example: Clear: “Her smile is sunshine.” Unclear: “Her affectation is an obelus.”
Relevance and Appropriateness
The vehicle should be relevant to the tenor and share meaningful qualities. The comparison should be appropriate for the context and the intended audience.
Avoid using metaphors that are out of place or culturally insensitive.
Example: Relevant: “His determination is a mountain.” Irrelevant: “His determination is a teacup.”
Consistency and Extended Metaphors
Maintain consistency throughout an extended metaphor. Avoid mixing metaphors or introducing contradictory images that may confuse the reader.
If you start with one image, stick with related images throughout the passage.
Example: Consistent: “Life is a journey; each day is a step, each challenge a mountain to climb.” Inconsistent: “Life is a journey; each day is a step, each challenge a bowl of soup.”
Originality and Freshness
Strive for originality to create a more impactful and memorable metaphor. Avoid clichés and overused metaphors that have lost their impact.
A fresh and unique metaphor can capture the reader’s attention and create a lasting impression.
Example: Original: “Her voice is a velvet curtain, drawing you into a world of stories.” Cliché: “Her voice is music to my ears.”
Avoiding Mixed Metaphors
Mixed metaphors combine two or more incompatible metaphors, often creating a nonsensical or humorous effect. These should generally be avoided in formal writing.
Example: Mixed: “We must nip it in the bud before it spreads like wildfire.” (Combining “nip it in the bud” and “spreads like wildfire” creates a confusing image.) Corrected: “We must address the issue promptly before it escalates.”
Common Mistakes with Metaphors
Even experienced writers can make mistakes when using metaphors. Recognizing these common errors can help you avoid them and improve the effectiveness of your writing.
Overuse of Metaphors
Using too many metaphors can clutter your writing and distract the reader. Reserve metaphors for moments when they can have the greatest impact.
Example: Overuse: “His speech was a river of words, a torrent of ideas, a storm of emotions.” Better: “His speech was a torrent of ideas.”
Using Clichés
Clichés are overused metaphors that have lost their impact. Avoid using clichés and strive for original and fresh comparisons.
Example: Cliché: “He is as brave as a lion.” Better: “His courage is an unyielding shield.”
Creating Mixed Metaphors
Mixing metaphors can create confusing and nonsensical images. Ensure that your metaphors are consistent and logically coherent.
Example: Mixed: “She steered the ship of education through the muddy waters of bureaucracy.” Better: “She navigated the ship of education through the complex bureaucracy.”
Lack of Clarity
If the reader cannot easily understand the connection between the tenor and the vehicle, the metaphor will be ineffective. Ensure that your metaphors are clear and easily understood.
Example: Unclear: “His argument was a Fibonacci sequence.” Better: “His argument built logically, each point expanding upon the last.”
Here’s a table illustrating common mistakes with metaphors, along with corrections:
| Mistake | Incorrect Example | Corrected Example |
|---|---|---|
| Overuse | “The project was a rollercoaster of emotions, a whirlwind of activity, a storm of challenges.” | “The project was a rollercoaster of emotions.” |
| Cliché | “He was as busy as a bee.” | “He was working with tireless energy.” |
| Mixed Metaphor | “Let’s iron out the wrinkles and nip it in the bud.” | “Let’s address the issues promptly and resolve them efficiently.” |
| Lack of Clarity | “Her presentation was a fractal.” | “Her presentation was intricately detailed, each element reflecting the larger picture.” |
Practice Exercises
Test your understanding of metaphors for good with these practice exercises. Identify the metaphor in each sentence and explain its meaning, or create your own metaphors based on the provided prompts.
Exercise 1: Identifying Metaphors
Identify the metaphor in each sentence and explain what it means.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Her laughter is music to my ears. | Metaphor: “Her laughter is music.” Meaning: Her laughter is pleasant and joyful. |
| 2. He is a rock in times of trouble. | Metaphor: “He is a rock.” Meaning: He is strong, reliable, and supportive. |
| 3. Their teamwork is a well-oiled machine. | Metaphor: “Their teamwork is a well-oiled machine.” Meaning: Their teamwork is efficient and harmonious. |
| 4. Her words are a balm to my soul. | Metaphor: “Her words are a balm.” Meaning: Her words are soothing and comforting. |
| 5. He is a beacon of hope for the community. | Metaphor: “He is a beacon.” Meaning: He inspires hope and optimism in others. |
| 6. Her kindness is a gentle rain. | Metaphor: “Her kindness is a gentle rain.” Meaning: Her kindness is refreshing and nurturing. |
| 7. His leadership is the rudder of the company. | Metaphor: “His leadership is the rudder.” Meaning: His leadership provides direction and control. |
| 8. Their dedication is a steadfast flame. | Metaphor: “Their dedication is a steadfast flame.” Meaning: Their dedication is unwavering and enduring. |
| 9. Her inspiration is a muse for artists. | Metaphor: “Her inspiration is a muse.” Meaning: She motivates and encourages creativity. |
| 10. His integrity is the north star guiding his actions. | Metaphor: “His integrity is the north star.” Meaning: His integrity provides constant and reliable guidance. |
Exercise 2: Creating Metaphors
Create a metaphor for each of the following concepts:
| Concept | Possible Metaphor |
|---|---|
| 1. Courage | A shield against fear. |
| 2. Wisdom | A lighthouse guiding ships at sea. |
| 3. Kindness | A warm blanket on a cold day. |
| 4. Hope | A seed waiting to sprout. |
| 5. Perseverance | A river carving its path through stone. |
| 6. Innovation | A spark igniting progress. |
| 7. Growth | A tree reaching for the sky. |
| 8. Unity | A tapestry woven with many threads. |
| 9. Inspiration | A sunrise painting the sky with color. |
| 10. Resilience | A rubber band snapping back into shape. |
Exercise 3: Correcting Mixed Metaphors
Identify the mixed metaphor in each sentence and rewrite the sentence with a clear and consistent metaphor.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. We need to nip this problem in the bud before it snowballs out of control. | Mixed Metaphor: “nip this problem in the bud” and “snowballs out of control.” Corrected: We need to address this problem promptly before it escalates. |
| 2. She was skating on thin ice while juggling too many balls in the air. | Mixed Metaphor: “skating on thin ice” and “juggling too many balls.” Corrected: She was taking a significant risk while managing multiple responsibilities. |
| 3. The project was a long shot that required all hands on deck to hit a home run. | Mixed Metaphor: “long shot,” “all hands on deck,” and “hit a home run.” Corrected: The project was a challenging endeavor that required everyone’s full participation to succeed. |
| 4. Let’s put all our ducks in a row and touch base to see where we stand. | Mixed Metaphor: “put all our ducks in a row” and “touch base.” Corrected: Let’s organize our resources and communicate to assess our progress. |
| 5. He was barking up the wrong tree while trying to grasp at straws. | Mixed Metaphor: “barking up the wrong tree” and “grasp at straws.” Corrected: He was pursuing the wrong approach while desperately seeking solutions. |
Advanced Topics in Metaphorical Usage
For advanced learners, exploring the nuances of metaphorical language can further enhance their writing and communication skills. These advanced topics delve into the subtleties of creating impactful and sophisticated metaphors.
Conceptual Metaphors
Conceptual metaphors are underlying cognitive structures that shape our understanding of abstract concepts. They are pervasive in language and thought, influencing how we perceive and express ideas.
Understanding conceptual metaphors can provide deeper insights into the ways we use language.
Example: The conceptual metaphor “ARGUMENT IS WAR” is reflected in phrases like “He attacked my argument,” “I defended my position,” and “We won the debate.”
Dead Metaphors
Dead metaphors are metaphors that have become so commonplace that they are no longer recognized as metaphors. They are often used unconsciously and have lost their original figurative meaning.
Example: “The leg of a table” was originally a metaphor comparing the table’s support to a human leg, but it is now a standard term.
Metaphorical Reasoning
Metaphorical reasoning involves using metaphors to understand and solve problems. By framing a problem in metaphorical terms, we can gain new perspectives and insights that may not be apparent through literal analysis.
Example: Framing a business challenge as a “mountain to climb” can inspire a team to develop strategies for overcoming obstacles and reaching the summit.
Frequently Asked Questions
Here are some frequently asked questions about using metaphors for good:
- What is the difference between a metaphor and a simile?
- How can I avoid using clichés in my metaphors?
- What should I do if my metaphor is not clear to my audience?
- Is it possible to overuse metaphors?
- How do I create an extended metaphor?
- Can metaphors be culturally specific?
A metaphor directly compares two unlike things without using “like” or “as,” while a simile uses “like” or “as” to make the comparison. For example, “He is a lion” (metaphor) vs.
“He is as brave as a lion” (simile).
Strive for originality by thinking about unique qualities and characteristics that connect the tenor and the vehicle. Brainstorm fresh and unexpected comparisons.
Re-evaluate the connection between the tenor and the vehicle and consider whether the comparison is too obscure. Revise the metaphor or provide additional context to clarify its meaning.
Yes, using too many metaphors can clutter your writing and distract the reader. Reserve metaphors for moments when they can have the greatest impact and add meaningful depth.
An extended metaphor is developed over several lines or paragraphs. Choose a central metaphor and explore its various aspects, maintaining consistency and coherence throughout the passage.
Yes, metaphors can be influenced by cultural contexts and may not be universally understood. Be mindful of your audience and choose metaphors that are appropriate and relevant to their cultural background.
Conclusion
Metaphors for good are powerful tools for enhancing language and expressing positive sentiments. By understanding the structure, types, and usage rules of metaphors, you can craft compelling and inspiring messages that resonate with your audience.
Avoid common mistakes such as overuse, clichés, and mixed metaphors, and strive for originality and clarity in your comparisons. With practice and attention to detail, you can master the art of using metaphors to elevate your writing and communication skills, leaving a lasting and positive impact.
I’m James Terban, a teacher with a degree in Education and five years of experience working with students of all ages, from young kids learning their first grammar rules to adults picking up English as a second language. I started Linguistics Guide because I kept seeing good learners hit a wall due to explanations that were either too vague or too complicated. Every article here comes from a real question I have heard in a classroom or seen asked online.